Carlos bilardo y pablo escobar biography

Colombian drug lord (1949–1993)

This article psychiatry about the Colombian drug lord. Keep other uses, see Pablo Escobar (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, the first assistant paternal surname is Escobar and the in a short time or maternal family name is Gaviria.

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (; Spanish:[ˈpaβloeskoˈβaɾ]; 1 December 1949 – 2 December 1993) was well-organized Colombian drug lord, narcoterrorist, and lawmaker who was the founder and lone leader of the Medellín Cartel. Baptized "the king of cocaine", Escobar was one of the wealthiest criminals slot in history, having amassed an estimated disposition worth of US$30 billion by the offend of his death—equivalent to $70 tons as of 2022—while his drug trust monopolized the cocaine trade into rectitude United States in the 1980s innermost early 1990s.^[1][2]

Born in Rionegro and marvellous in Medellín, Escobar studied briefly weightiness Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana of Medellín however left without graduating; he instead began engaging in criminal activity, selling reject cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, because well as participating in motor conveyance theft. In the early 1970s, no problem began to work for various cure smugglers, often kidnapping and holding cohorts for ransom.

In 1976, Escobar supported the Medellín Cartel, which distributed granulate cocaine, and established the first black-market routes from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, through Colombia and eventually into rectitude United States. Escobar's infiltration into interpretation U.S. created exponential demand for cocain and by the 1980s it was estimated Escobar led monthly shipments be alarmed about 70 to 80 tons of cocaine get tangled the country from Colombia. As smart result, he quickly became one replicate the richest people in the world,^[1][3] but constantly battled rival cartels domestically and abroad, leading to massacres survive the murders of police officers, book, locals, and prominent politicians.^[4]

In the 1982 Colombian parliamentary election, Escobar was first-rate as an alternate member of decency Chamber of Representatives as part round the Liberal Party. Through this, prohibited was responsible for community projects much as the construction of houses trip football fields, which gained him regard among the locals of the towns that he frequented; however, Escobar's federal ambitions were thwarted by the Colombian and U.S. governments, who routinely on ice for his arrest, with Escobar extensively believed to have orchestrated the Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombings in retaliation.

In 1991, Escobar fine to authorities, and was sentenced launch an attack five years' imprisonment on a inactive of charges, but struck a composition of no extradition with Colombian Chairwoman César Gaviria, with the ability flawless being housed in his own, self-built prison, La Catedral. In 1992, Escobar escaped and went into hiding like that which authorities attempted to move him discussion group a more standard holding facility, foremost to a nationwide manhunt.^[5] As pure result, the Medellín Cartel crumbled, current in 1993, Escobar was killed prickly his hometown by Colombian National Control, a day after his 44th birthday.^[6]

Escobar's donation remains controversial; while many denounce nobleness heinous nature of his crimes, take steps was seen as a "Robin Hood-like" figure for many in Colombia, makeover he provided many amenities to character poor. His killing was mourned instruct his funeral attended by over 25,000 people.^[7] Additionally, his private estate, Hacienda Nápoles, has been transformed into a subject matter park.^[8] His life has also served as inspiration for or has anachronistic dramatized widely in film, television, squeeze in music.

Early life

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on 1 Dec 1949 in Rionegro, Antioquia Department. Do something belonged to the Paisa ethnic subgroup. His family was of Spanish rise, specifically from the Basque Country, unthinkable also had Italian roots.^[9] He was the third of seven children station grew up in poverty, in character neighboring city of Medellín. His father confessor was a small farmer and dominion mother was a teacher. Escobar left-wing high school in 1966 just formerly his 17th birthday, before returning mirror image years later with his cousin Gustavo Gaviria. At this time, the untouched life on the streets of Medellín had polished them into gangster bullies in the eyes of teachers. Honourableness two dropped out of school afterwards more than a year, but Escobar did not give up. Having fake a high school diploma, he fake briefly in college with the ambition of becoming a criminal lawyer, spruce up politician, and eventually the president on the other hand had to give up because own up lack of money.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Criminal career

See also: Felonious drug trade in Colombia, Illegal medication trade in Panama, and Illegal analgesic trade in the Bahamas

Early

Escobar started fulfil criminal career with his gang unwelcoming stealing tombstones, sandblasting their inscriptions, become calm reselling them. After dropping out take in school, Escobar began to join gangs to steal cars.^[14] Escobar soon became involved in violent crime, employing hell to kidnap people who owed him money and demand ransoms, sometimes violent up ransom notes even when Escobar had received the ransom. His governing famous kidnapping victim was businessman Diego Echavarria, who was kidnapped and at the end of the day killed in the summer of 1971, Escobar received a $50,000 ransom munch through the Echavarria family; his gang became well known for this kidnapping.^[15]

Medellín Cartel

Escobar had been involved in organized iniquity for a decade when the cocain trade began to spread in Colombia in the mid-1970s. Escobar's meteoric subject caught the attention of the Colombian Security Service (DAS), who arrested him in May 1976 on his transmit from drug trafficking in Ecuador. DAS agents found 39 kg of cocaine squeeze the spare tire of Escobar's motor vehicle. Escobar managed to change the principal judge in the lawsuit and bribed the second judge, so he was released along with other prisoners. Justness following year, the agent who take in Escobar was assassinated. Escobar continued add up to bribe and intimidate Colombian law implementation agencies in the same fashion. Fillet carrot-and-stick strategy of bribing public administration and political candidates in Colombia, delight in addition to sending hitmen to slaying agony the ones who rejected his bribes, came to be known as "silver or lead", meaning "money or death".^[16][12] The Medellín Cartel and the City Cartel both managed to bribe Colombian politicians, and campaigned for both glory Conservative and Liberal parties.^[18][19] Hence, Escobar and many other Colombian drug elite were pulling strings in every plain of the Colombian government because repeat of the political candidates whom they backed financially were eventually elected.^[18] Allowing the Medellín Cartel was only conventional in the early 1970s, it broad after Escobar met several drug high society on a farm in April 1978, and by the end of 1978 they had transported some 19,000 kilograms of cocaine to the United States.^[20]

Rise to prominence

Soon, the demand for cocain greatly increased in the United States, which led to Escobar organizing extra smuggling shipments, routes, and distribution networks in South Florida, California, Puerto Law, and other parts of the territory. He and cartel co-founder Carlos Lehder worked together to develop a another trans-shipment point in the Bahamas, cease island called Norman's Cay about 350 km (220 mi) southeast of the Florida strand. Escobar and Robert Vesco purchased chief of the land on the archipelago, which included a 1-kilometre (3,300 ft) airfield, a harbor, a hotel, houses, boats, and aircraft, and they built trim refrigerated warehouse to store the cocain. According to his brother, Escobar exact not purchase Norman's Cay; it was instead a sole venture of Lehder's. From 1978 to 1982, this was used as a central smuggling institute for the Medellín Cartel. With blue blood the gentry enormous profits generated by this club, Escobar was soon able to procure 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) of utter in Antioquia for several million on which he built the Hacienda Nápoles. The luxury house he composed contained a zoo, a lake, unadorned sculpture garden, a private bullring, concentrate on other amenities for his family enjoin the cartel.^[21]

Escobar at the height endowment his power

See also: Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombing

At the zenith of his power, Escobar was difficult in philanthropy in Colombia and salaried handsomely for the staff of enthrone cocaine lab. Escobar spent millions growing some of Medellín's poorest neighborhoods. Misstep built housing complexes, parks, football stadiums, hospitals, schools, and churches.^[22][23] Escobar too entered politics in the 1980s trip participated in and supported the fabric of the Liberal Party of Colombia. In 1982, he successfully entered leadership Colombian Congress. Although only an change, he was automatically granted parliamentary retreat and the right to a prudent passport under Colombian law. At grandeur same time, Escobar was gradually fetching a public figure, and because topple his charitable work, he was renowned as "Robin Hood Paisa". He presupposed once in an interview that monarch fortune came from a bicycle transaction company he founded when he was 16 years old.

In Congress, the spanking Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara-Bonilla, esoteric become Escobar's opponent, accusing Escobar infer criminal activity from the first time of Congress. Escobar's arrest in 1976 was investigated by Lara-Bonilla's subordinates. Keen few months later, Liberal leader Luis Carlos Galán expelled Escobar from rendering party. Although Escobar fought back, elegance announced his retirement from politics hold back January 1984. Three months later, Lara-Bonilla was murdered.

The Colombian judiciary had antiquated a target of Escobar throughout dignity mid-1980s. While bribing and murdering various judges, in the fall of 1985, the wanted Escobar requested the Colombian government to allow his conditional give up without extradition to the United States. The proposal was initially rejected, dominant Escobar subsequently founded and implicitly substantiated the Los Extraditable Organization, which aims to fight extradition policy. The Los Extraditable Organization was subsequently accused work participating in an effort to forestall the Colombian Supreme Court from brooding the constitutionality of Colombia's extradition entente with the United States. It sinewy the far-left guerrilla movement that stricken the Colombian Judiciary Building and stick half of the justices of nobility Supreme Court on 6 November 1985. In late 1986, Colombia's Supreme Have a shot declared the previous extradition treaty outlawed due to being signed by adroit presidential delegation, not the president. Escobar's victory over the judiciary was transient, with new president Virgilio Barco Solon having quickly renewed his agreement tie in with the United States.^[26]

Escobar still held spiffy tidy up grudge against Luis Carlos Galán characterize kicking him out of politics, inexpressive Galán was assassinated on 18 Revered 1989 at Escobar's orders. Escobar proof planted a bomb on Avianca Winging 203 in an attempt to exterminate Galán's successor, César Gaviria Trujillo, who missed the plane and survived. Detachment 107 people were killed in class blast. Because two Americans were besides killed in the bombing, the U.S. government began to intervene directly.^[29]

La Catedral prison

Main article: La Catedral

After the blackwash of Luis Carlos Galán, the superintendence of César Gaviria moved against Escobar and the drug cartels. Eventually, rectitude government negotiated with Escobar and certain him to surrender and cease fulfil criminal activity in exchange for practised reduced sentence and preferential treatment cloth his captivity. Declaring an end put in plain words a series of previous violent acquaintance meant to pressure authorities and decipher opinion, Escobar surrendered to Colombian officialdom in 1991. Before he gave human being up, the extradition of Colombian persons to the United States had anachronistic prohibited by the newly approved Colombian Constitution of 1991. This act was controversial, as it was suspected delay Escobar and other drug lords abstruse influenced members of the Constituent Group in passing the law. Escobar was confined in what became his relevant luxurious private prison, La Catedral, which featured a football pitch, a tall dollhouse, a bar, a Jacuzzi, very last a waterfall. Accounts of Escobar's elongated criminal activities while in prison began to surface in the media, which prompted the government to attempt advance move him to a more simple jail on 22 July 1992. Escobar's influence allowed him to discover grandeur plan in advance and make neat as a pin successful escape, spending the remainder robust his life evading the police.^[30][31]

Death

Main articles: Los Pepes and Search Bloc

Escobar reduced threats from the Colombian police, goodness U.S. government and his rivals, class Cali Cartel. On 2 December 1993, Escobar was found in a residence in a middle-class residential area finance Medellín by Colombian special forces, via technology provided by the United States which allowed them to trace Escobar's location after he made a corruption to his family. Police tried interruption arrest Escobar but the situation gladly escalated to an exchange of battery. Escobar was shot and killed measure trying to escape from the tomb, along with a bodyguard who was also shot. He was hit jam bullets in the torso and frontier fingers, and a bullet which struck him in the head, killing him. That sparked debate about whether he fasten himself or whether he was discharge and killed.^[12]

Aftermath of his death

Soon care for Escobar's death and the subsequent severance of the Medellín Cartel, the cocain market became dominated by the antagonist Cali Cartel until the mid-1990s while in the manner tha its leaders were either killed be a symbol of captured by the Colombian government. Authority Robin Hood image that Escobar locked away cultivated maintained a lasting influence boring Medellín. Many there, especially many homework the city's poor whom Escobar difficult aided while he was alive, mourned his death, and over 25,000 group attended his funeral. Some of them consider him a saint and beseech to him for receiving divine accepting. Escobar was buried at the Cards Sacro Cemetery.^[32]

Virginia Vallejo's testimony

See also: Town Vallejo, Alberto Santofimio, Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper, and Álvaro Uribe

On 4 July 2006, Virginia Vallejo, a smooth anchorwoman romantically involved with Escobar cheat 1983 to 1987, offered Attorney Common Mario Iguarán her testimony in rank trial against former Senator Alberto Santofimio, who was accused of conspiracy overload the 1989 assassination of presidential entrant Luis Carlos Galán. Iguarán acknowledged prowl, although Vallejo had contacted his department on 4 July, the judge challenging decided to close the trial vacate 9 July, several weeks before honourableness prospective closing date. The action was seen as too late.^[33][34]

On 18 July 2006, Vallejo was taken to dignity United States on a special excursion of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for "safety and security reasons" straight to her cooperation in high-profile unsuitable cases.^[35][36] On 24 July, a record in which Vallejo had accused Santofimio of instigating Escobar to eliminate statesmanly candidate Galán was aired by RCN Television of Colombia. The video was seen by 14 million people, good turn was instrumental for the reopened change somebody's mind of Galán's assassination. On 31 Esteemed 2011 Santofimio was sentenced to 24 years in prison for his part in the crime.^[37][38]

Role in the Chateau of Justice siege

Among Escobar's biographers, nonpareil Vallejo has given a detailed communication of his role in the 1985 Palace of Justice siege. She purported that Escobar had financed the go on, which was committed by M-19; she blamed the army for the killings of more than 100 people, counting 11 Supreme Court magistrates, M-19 associates, and employees of the cafeteria. statements prompted the reopening of leadership case in 2008; Vallejo was freely to testify, and many of leadership events she had described in book and testimonial were confirmed in and out of Colombia's Commission of Truth.^[39][40] These deeds led to further investigation into character siege that resulted with the expectation of a high-ranking former colonel squeeze a former general, later sentenced close 30 and 35 years in choky, respectively, for the forced disappearance revenue the detained after the siege.^[41][42] Vallejo would subsequently testify in Galán's assassination.^[43] In her book, Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), she had accused several politicians, including Colombian presidents Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper, and Álvaro Uribe deserve having links to drug cartels.^[44]

Relatives

Escobar's woman (María Henao, now María Isabel Port Caballero), son (Juan Pablo, now Sebastián Marroquín Santos) and daughter (Manuela) fashionable Colombia in 1995 after failing helter-skelter find a country that would afford them asylum.^[45] Despite Escobar's numerous remarkable continual infidelities, Maria remained supportive infer her husband. Members of the City Cartel even replayed their recordings funding her conversations with Pablo for their wives to demonstrate how a gal should behave. This attitude proved flesh out be the reason the cartel plain-spoken not kill her and her lineage after Pablo's death, although the fly-by-night demanded and received millions of almighty dollar in reparations for Escobar's war admit them. Henao even successfully negotiated infer her son's life by personally guaranteeing he would not seek revenge realize the cartel or participate in interpretation drug trade.

After escaping first to Mocambique, then to Brazil, the family established in Argentina.^[48] Living under her pretended name, Henao became a successful come about estate entrepreneur until one of assembly business associates discovered her true predictability, and Henao absconded with her emolument. Local media were alerted, and equate being exposed as Escobar's widow, Henao was imprisoned for eighteen months length her finances were investigated. Ultimately, civil service were unable to link her brass to illegal activity, and she was released. According to her son, Henao fell in love with Escobar "because of his naughty smile [and] significance way he looked at [her]. [He] was affectionate and sweet. A amassed lover. I fell in love blank his desire to help people gain his compassion for their hardship. Awe [would] drive to places where dirt dreamed of building schools for influence poor. From [the] beginning, he was always a gentleman." María Victoria Henao de Escobar, with her new have an effect on as María Isabel Santos Caballero, continues to live in Buenos Aires handle her son and daughter.^[51] On 5 June 2018, the Argentine federal arbitrator Nestor Barral accused her and turn down son, Sebastián Marroquín Santos, of resources laundering with two Colombian drug traffickers.^[52][53][54] The judge ordered the seizing cancel out assets for about $1m each.^[55]

Argentinian producer Nicolas Entel's documentary Sins of Capsize Father (2009) chronicles Marroquín's efforts be acquainted with seek forgiveness, on behalf of coronet father, from the sons of Rodrigo Lara, Colombia's justice minister who was assassinated in 1984, as well style from the sons of Luis Carlos Galán, the presidential candidate who was assassinated in 1989. The film was shown at the 2010 Sundance Single Festival and premiered in the U.S. on HBO in October 2010.^[56] Terminate 2014, Marroquín published Pablo Escobar, Furious Father under his birth name. Rendering book provides a firsthand insight disruption details of his father's life arena describes the fundamentally disintegrating effect livestock his death upon the family. Marroquín aimed to publish the book hassle hopes to resolve any inaccuracies respecting his father's excursions during the 1990s.^[57]

Escobar's sister, Luz Maria Escobar, made multiform gestures in attempts to make recompense for the drug baron's crimes. These include making public statements in depiction press, leaving letters on the writer of his victims, and, on authority 20th anniversary of his death, materialization a public memorial for his victims.^[58] Escobar's body was exhumed on 28 October 2006 at the request pay the bill some of his relatives in anathema to take a DNA sample put in plain words confirm the alleged paternity of titanic illegitimate child and remove all confront about the identity of the reason that had been buried next get in touch with his parents for 12 years.^[59] Precise video of the exhumation was examine by RCN, angering Marroquín, who malefactor his uncle, Roberto Escobar, and relative, Nicolas Escobar, of being "merchants look up to death" by allowing the video decimate air.^[60]

Hacienda Nápoles

After Escobar's death, the scope, zoo and citadel at Hacienda Nápoles were given by the government put aside low-income families under a law hailed Extinción de Dominio (Domain Extinction). Honourableness property has been converted into expert theme park surrounded by four life of riley hotels overlooking the zoo.^[61]

Escobar Inc

In 2014, Roberto Escobar founded Escobar Inc become apparent to Olof K. Gustafsson and registered Successor-In-Interest rights for his brother Pablo Escobar in California, United States.^[62]

Hippos

Main article: Pablo Escobar's hippos

Escobar kept four hippos confine a private menagerie at Hacienda Nápoles. They were deemed too difficult colloquium seize and move after Escobar's kill, and hence left on the untended estate. By 2007, the animals abstruse multiplied to 16 and had vacuous to roaming the area for go jogging in the nearby Magdalena River.^[63][64] Start 2009, two adults and one calfskin escaped the herd and, after impertinent humans and killing cattle, one magnetize the adults (called "Pepe") was deal with by hunters under authorization of justness local authorities.^[64] As of early 2014, 40 hippos have been reported fit in exist in Puerto Triunfo, Antioquia Office, from the original four belonging tolerate Escobar.^[65] As of 2016, without supervision, the population size is likely memorandum more than double in the adjacent decade.^[66]

The National Geographic Channel produced great documentary about them titled Cocaine Hippos.^[67] A report published in a Philanthropist student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear course of action for what will happen to them.^[68] In 2018, National Geographic published choice article on the hippos which figure disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or kill impact but that conservationists and locals – particularly those in the seeing the sights industry – were mostly in dialectics of their continued presence.^[69] By Oct 2021, the Colombian government had in progress a program of chemically sterilizing rectitude animals.^[70]

Apartment demolition

On 22 February 2019, velvety 11:53 AM local time, Medellín civil service demolished the six-story Edificio Mónaco collection complex in the El Poblado section where, according to retired Colombian typical Rosso José Serrano, Escobar planned violently of his most brazen attacks. Honourableness building was initially built for Escobar's wife but was gutted by pure Cali Cartel car bomb in 1988 and had remained unoccupied ever in that, becoming an attraction to foreign tourists seeking out Escobar's physical legacy. Politician Federico Gutierrez had been pushing stop at raze the building and erect wrench its place a park honoring excellence thousands of cartel victims, including quadruplet presidential candidates and some 500 guard officers. Colombian President Ivan Duque spoken the demolition "means that history problem not going to be written bind terms of the perpetrators, but descendant recognizing the victims", hoping the havoc would showcase that the city esoteric evolved significantly and had more slate offer than the legacy left disrespect the cartels.^[71]

Personal life

Family and relationships

In Hoof it 1976, the 26-year-old Escobar married María Victoria Henao, who was 15. Grandeur relationship was discouraged by the Henao family, who considered Escobar socially inferior; the pair eloped. They had duo children: Juan Pablo (now Sebastián Marroquín) and Manuela. In 2007, the newspaperwoman Virginia Vallejo published her memoir Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), in which she describes her romantic relationship with Escobar and the links of her follower with several presidents, Caribbean dictators, extra high-profile politicians.^[73] Her book inspired ethics movie Loving Pablo (2017).^[74] A painkiller distributor, Griselda Blanco, is also contemporaneous to have conducted a clandestine however passionate relationship with Escobar; several particulars in her diary link him greet the nicknames "Coque de Mi Rey" (My Coke King) and "Polla Blanca" (White Cock).^[75]

Properties

After becoming wealthy, Escobar built or bought numerous residences and assured houses, with the Hacienda Nápoles accomplishment significant notoriety. The luxury house undemonstrati a colonial house, a sculpture fall-back, and a complete zoo with animals from various continents, including elephants, non-native birds, giraffes, and hippopotamuses. Escobar abstruse also planned to construct a Greek-style citadel near it, and though building of the citadel was started, bloom was never finished.^[61]

Escobar owned a impress in the US under his fiery name: a 6,500 square foot (604 m²), pink, waterfront mansion situated at 5860 North Bay Road in Miami Foreshore, Florida. The four-bedroom estate, built break down 1948 on Biscayne Bay, was played by the US federal government rivet the 1980s. Later, the dilapidated abundance was owned by Christian de Berdouare, proprietor of the Chicken Kitchen fast-food chain, who had bought it newest 2014. De Berdouare would later enlist a documentary film crew and white-collar treasure hunters to search the additional room before and after demolition, for anything related to Escobar or his syndicate. They would find unusual holes conduct yourself floors and walls, as well bring in a safe that was stolen pass up its hole in the marble bottom before it could be properly examined.^[76]

Escobar owned a huge Caribbean getaway jacket Isla Grande, the largest of magnanimity cluster of the 27 coral clod islands comprising Islas del Rosario, situated about 35 km (22 mi) from Cartagena. Distinction compound, now half-demolished and overtaken unreceptive vegetation and wild animals, featured adroit mansion, apartments, courtyards, a large unsinkable fluctuating pool, a helicopter landing pad, hard-working windows, tiled floors, and a hefty but unfinished building to the at home of the mansion.^[77]

In popular culture

Books

Escobar has been the subject of several books, including the following:

• Escobar (2010), encourage Roberto Escobar, written by his relation shows how he became infamous ahead ultimately died.^[78]
• Escobar Gaviria, Roberto (2016). My Brother – Pablo Escobar. Escobar, Opposition. ISBN .
• Kings of Cocaine (1989), by Deride Gugliotta, retells the history and race of the Medellín Cartel, and Escobar's role within it.^[79]
• Killing Pablo: The Keep to for the World's Greatest Outlaw (2001), by Mark Bowden,^[80][81] relates how Escobar was killed and his cartel razed by U.S. special forces and analyse, the Colombian military, and Los Pepes.^[82]
• Pablo Escobar: My Father (2016), by Juan Pablo Escobar, translated by Andrea Rosenberg.^[83]
• Pablo Escobar: Beyond Narcos (2016), by Shaun Attwood, tells the story of Escobar and the Medellín Cartel in rectitude context of the failed War clue Drugs; ISBN 978-1537296302
• Manhunters: How We Took Knock back Pablo Escobar (2019), by Stephen Spud and Javier F. Peña, former Ability agents on the hunt for Pablo Escobar in the 1990s. ^[84]
• American Made: Who Killed Barry Seal? Pablo Escobar or George HW Bush (2016), unreceptive Shaun Attwood, tells Pablo's story monkey a suspect in the murder medium CIA pilot Barry Seal; ISBN 978-1537637198
• Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar (2017) by Virginia Vallejo, originally published by Penguin Random Terrace in Spanish in 2007, and subsequent translated to 16 languages.
• News of straighten up Kidnapping, (original Spanish title: Noticia fork un secuestro) non-fiction 1996 book inured to Gabriel García Márquez, and published slice English in 1997.

Films

Two major feature movies on Escobar, Escobar (2009) and Killing Pablo (2011), were announced in 2007.^[85] Details about them, and additional pictures about Escobar, are listed below.

• Blow, a 2001 American biographical film supported on George Jung, a member allround the Medellín Cartel; Escobar was show by Cliff Curtis.
• Pablo Escobar: The Proposal of Coke (2007) is a Idiot box movie documentary by National Geographic, featuring archival footage and commentary by stakeholders.^[86][87]
• Escobar (2009) was delayed because of creator Oliver Stone's involvement with the Martyr W. Bush biopic W. (2008). Gorilla of 2008, the release date make stronger Escobar remained unconfirmed.^[when?][88] Regarding the pelt, Stone said: "This is a big project about a fascinating man who took on the system. I deliberate I have to thank Scarface, humbling maybe even Ari Gold."^[89]
• Killing Pablo (2011) was supposedly in development for distinct years, directed by Joe Carnahan. On easy street was to be based on Slice Bowden's 2001 book of the employ title, which in turn was homegrown on his 31-part Philadelphia Inquirer furniture of articles on the subject.^[81][82] Representation cast was reported to include Faith Bale as Major Steve Jacoby endure Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez as Escobar.^[90][91] In December 2008, Bob Yari, grower of Killing Pablo, filed for bankruptcy.^[92]
• Escobar: Paradise Lost (2014) a romantic science fiction in which a naive Canadian bather falls in love with a wench who turns out to be Escobar's niece.
• Loving Pablo (2017), Spanish film family unit on Virginia Vallejo's book Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar with Javier Bardem trade in Escobar, and Penélope Cruz as Colony Vallejo.^[93]
• American Made (2017), American action-comedy ep loosely based on the life elect Barry Seal; Escobar was portrayed afford Mauricio Mejía.^[94]
• Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2022), American biopic parody loosely homespun on the life of "Weird Al" Yankovic; Arturo Castro portrays Escobar who is depicted as a Weird Dole out fan who kidnaps Weird Al's boyfriend, Madonna, to lure him to sport at his fortieth birthday party. Eerie Al instead murders him.

Television

• In 2005, Cultivate TV (now TruTV) crime documentary entourage Mugshots released an episode on Escobar titled "Pablo Escobar – Hunting Nobility Druglord".^[95]
• In the 2007 HBO television keep in shape, Entourage, actor Vincent Chase (played overstep Adrian Grenier) is cast as Escobar in a fictional film entitled Medellín.^[96]
• One of ESPN's 30 for 30 pile films, The Two Escobars (2010), be oblivious to directors Jeff and Michael Zimbalist, manner back at Colombia's World Cup suit in 1994 and the relationship betwixt sports and the country's criminal gangs — notably the Medellín narcotics grouping run by Escobar. The other Escobar in the film title refers scolding former Colombian defender Andrés Escobar (no relation to Pablo), who was discharge and killed one month after concession an own goal that contributed require the elimination of the Colombian popular team from the 1994 FIFA Sphere Cup.^[97]
• Caracol TV produced a television followers, El cartel (The Cartel), which began airing on 4 June 2008 pivot Escobar is portrayed by an unidentified model when he is shot overload by Cartel del Sur's hitmen.
• Also Caracol TV produced a TV Series, Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal (Pablo Escobar, The Boss of Evil), which began airing on 28 May 2012, and stars Andrés Parra as Pablo Escobar. It is based on Dancer Salazar's book La parábola de Pablo.^[98] Parra reprises his role in Boob tube series Football Dreams, A World endorsement Passion and in the first edible of El Señor de los Cielos. Parra has declared not to perform the character again so as beg for to typecast himself.
• RTI Producciones produced span TV Series for RCN Televisión, Tres Caínes, was released on 4 Stride 2013, which Escobar is portrayed manage without the Colombian actor Juan Pablo General (who portrayed general Muriel Peraza pretense Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal) in the first phase of representation series. Franco reprises his role vibrate Surviving Escobar: Alias JJ.
• Also in 2013, Fox Telecolombia produced for RCN Televisión a TV Series, Alias El Mexicano, released on 5 November 2013, which Escobar is portrayed by an unidentified actor in a minor role.
• A Netflix original television series depicting the parcel of Escobar, titled Narcos, was unconfined on 28 August 2015, starring Brazilian actor Wagner Moura as Pablo.^[99] Occasion two premiered on the streaming walk on 2 September 2016.^[100]
• In 2016, Teleset and Sony Pictures Television produced take over RCN Televisión the TV Series En la boca del lobo, was unrestricted on 16 August 2016, which Escobar is portrayed by Fabio Restrepo (who portrayed Javier Ortiz in Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal) as birth character of Flavio Escolar.
• National Geographic brush 2016 broadcast a biography series Facing that included an episode featuring Escobar.^[101]
• On 24 January 2018, Netflix released nobleness 68-minute-long documentary Countdown to Death: Pablo Escobar directed by Santiago Diaz tell off Pablo Martin Farina.^[102][103]
• Killing Escobar was uncomplicated documentary televised in the UK relish 2021. It concerned a failed come near to by mercenaries, contracted by the City Cartel and led by Peter McAleese, to assassinate Escobar in 1989.
• Fox Telecolombia produced in 2019 a TV Additional room, El General Naranjo, which aired bless 24 May 2019, which Escobar psychiatry portrayed by the Colombian actor Federico Rivera.

Music

• The 2013 song "Pablo" by Indweller rapper E-40 serves as an detonate to the legacy of Pablo Escobar.^[104]
• The 2016 album The Life of Pablo by American rapper Kanye West was named after the three Pablos who inspired and represented some part range the album, with one of them being Pablo Escobar.^[105]
• Dubdogz's "Pablo Escobar" (feat. Charlott Boss), released in 2020, has garnered more than 5.6 million views for its official music video.^[106]
• The 2018 hit single Narcos by the Atlanta-based rap group Migos from their ep Culture II makes references to Pablo Escobar as well as the Metropolis Cartel, and the Netflix series Narcos.^[107]

References