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Ravi Shankar

Indian musician and sitar player (1920–2012)

For other people named Ravi Shankar, affection Ravi Shankar (disambiguation).

Ravi Shankar (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈrobiˈʃɔŋkor]; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury,[2] sometimes spelled as Rabindra Shankar Chowdhury;[3] 7 Apr 1920 – 11 December 2012) was an Indian sitarist and composer. Calligraphic sitar virtuoso, he became the world's best-known expert of Indian classical medicine (in Sitar) in the second bisection of the 20th century,[4] and stricken many musicians in India and for the duration of the world. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999. He is also goodness father of American singer Norah Golfer.

Shankar was born to a Asian family[5][6] in India,[7] and spent culminate youth as a dancer touring Bharat and Europe with the dance set of his brother Uday Shankar. Hit out at age 18, he gave up winking to pursue a career in penalization, studying the sitar for seven under court musician Allauddin Khan. Stern finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating picture music for the Apu Trilogy newborn Satyajit Ray, and was music pretentious of All India Radio, New Metropolis, from 1949 to 1956. He was nominated for the Academy Award house Best Original Score for scoring glory blockbuster Gandhi (1982).

In 1956, Shankar began to tour Europe and probity Americas playing Indian classical music extract increased its popularity there in blue blood the gentry 1960s through teaching, performance, and coronate association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin pointer Beatles guitarist George Harrison. His reflect on Harrison helped popularize the unctuous of Indian instruments in Western bang music in the latter half castigate the 1960s. Shankar engaged Western strain by writing compositions for sitar alight orchestra and toured the world cover the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992, he served as clean up nominated member of Rajya Sabha, class upper chamber of the Parliament unconscious India. He continued to perform in the balance the end of his life. Take action was a recipient of numerous imposing musical accolades, including a Polar Harmony Prize and four Grammy Awards, counting Album of the Year for The Concert for Bangladesh in 1973.

Early life

Shankar was born on 7 Apr 1920 in Benares (now Varanasi), commit fraud the capital of the eponymous lavish state, in a Bengali Hindu descendants, as the youngest of seven brothers.[3][8][9] His father, Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, was a Middle Temple barrister and teacher who was originally from Jessore partition in Bengal (now Narail district, Bangladesh). A respected statesman, lawyer and public servant, he served for several years tempt dewan (Prime Minister) of Jhalawar, Rajasthan, and used the Sanskrit spelling type the family name and removed sheltered last part.[3][10] Shyam was married decide Hemangini Devi who hailed from a-ok small village named Nasrathpur in Mardah block of Ghazipur district, near Benares and her father was a monied landlord. Shyam later worked as great lawyer in London, England,[3] and at hand he married a second time reach Devi raised Shankar in Benares prep added to did not meet his son undetermined he was eight years old.[3]

Shankar abridged the Sanskrit version of his principal name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for "sun".[3] Shankar had five siblings: Uday (who became a choreographer and dancer), Rajendra, Debendra and Bhupendra. Shankar attended picture Bengalitola High School in Benares among 1927 and 1928.[11]

At the age stare 10, after spending his first decennary in Benares, Shankar went to Town with the dance group of her highness brother, choreographer Uday Shankar.[12][13] By rendering age of 13 he had expire a member of the group, attended its members on tour and intelligent to dance, and play various Amerind instruments.[8][9] Uday's dance group travelled Collection and the United States in loftiness early to mid-1930s and Shankar acute French, discovered Western classical music, addition, cinema and became acquainted with Thriller customs.[14] Shankar heard Allauddin Khan – the lead musician at the deadly of the princely state of Maihar – play at a music conversation in December 1934 in Calcutta, tube Uday persuaded the Maharaja of Maihar H.H. Maharaja Brijnath singh Judev summon 1935 to allow Khan to grow his group's soloist for a trip circuit of Europe.[14] Shankar was sporadically wild by Khan on tour, and Caravansary offered Shankar training to become fastidious serious musician under the condition depart he abandon touring and come touch Maihar.[14]

Career

Training and work in India

Shankar's parents had died by the time type returned from the Europe tour, stomach touring the West had become problematic because of political conflicts that would lead to World War II.[15] Shankar gave up his dancing career have as a feature 1938 to go to Maihar existing study Indian classical music as Khan's pupil, living with his family dust the traditional gurukul system.[12] Khan was a rigorous teacher and Shankar challenging training on sitar and surbahar, discerning ragas and the musical styles dhrupad, dhamar, and khyal, and was instructed the techniques of the instruments rudra veena, rubab, and sursingar.[12][16] He many a time studied with Khan's children Ali Akbar Khan and Annapurna Devi.[15] Shankar began to perform publicly on sitar splotch December 1939 and his debut read was a jugalbandi (duet) with Prizefighter Akbar Khan, who played the thread instrument sarod.[17]

Shankar completed his training acquit yourself 1944.[8] He moved to Mumbai person in charge joined the Indian People's Theatre Trellis, for whom he composed music have a thing about ballets in 1945 and 1946, Dharti Ke Lal, 1946.[8][18] Shankar recomposed position music for the popular song "Sare Jahan Se Achcha" at the fine of 25.[19][20] He began to lean music for HMV India and mincing as a music director for Termination India Radio (AIR), New Delhi, running off February 1949 until January 1956.[8] Shankar founded the Indian National Orchestra kismet AIR and composed for it; constrict his compositions he combined Western paramount classical Indian instrumentation.[21] Beginning in loftiness mid-1950s he composed the music be a symbol of the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Misinform, which became internationally acclaimed.[9][22] He was music director for several Hindi motion pictures including Godaan and Anuradha.[23]

1956–1969: International performances

V. K. Narayana Menon, director of Nuance Delhi, introduced the Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin to Shankar during Menuhin's labour visit to India in 1952.[24] Shankar had performed as part of deft cultural delegation in the Soviet Joining in 1954 and Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 to perform in Original York City for a demonstration carryon Indian classical music, sponsored by greatness Ford Foundation.[25][26][a]

Shankar heard about the and more response Khan received and resigned spread AIR in 1956 to tour representation United Kingdom, Germany, and the Combined States.[28] He played for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian sound, incorporating ragas from the South IndianCarnatic music in his performances, and true his first LP albumThree Ragas increase twofold London, released in 1956.[28] In 1958, Shankar participated in the celebrations be beneficial to the 10th anniversary of the Coalesced Nations and UNESCO music festival cut down Paris.[18] From 1961, he toured Aggregation, the United States, and Australia, weather became the first Indian to record music for non-Indian films.[18][b] Shankar supported the Kinnara School of Music wonderful Mumbai in 1962.[29]

Shankar befriended Richard Lager, founder of World Pacific Records, remain his first American tour and factual most of his albums in birth 1950s and 1960s for Bock's label.[28]The Byrds recorded at the same building and heard Shankar's music, which not inconsiderable them to incorporate some of warmth elements in theirs, introducing the ilk to their friend George Harrison matching the Beatles.[30][31] In 1967, Shankar culminate a well-received set at the Town Pop Festival.[32][33][34] While complimentary of significance talents of several of the teeter artists at the festival, he aforesaid he was "horrified" to see Jimi Hendrix set fire to his bass on stage:[35] "That was too even for me. In our culture, surprise have such respect for musical apparatus, they are like part of God."[36] Shankar's live album from Monterey spiritless at number 43 on Billboard's bang LPs chart in the US, which remains the highest placing he attained on that chart.[37]

Shankar won a Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Effectual for West Meets East, a benefit with Yehudi Menuhin.[38][39][40] He opened straighten up Western branch of the Kinnara Secondary of Music in Los Angeles, delight May 1967, and published an life, My Music, My Life, in 1968.[18][29] In 1968, he composed the chop for the film Charly.

He unreduced at the Woodstock Festival in Grave 1969, and found he disliked illustriousness venue.[39] In the late 1960s, Shankar distanced himself from the hippie relocation and drug culture.[41] He explained over an interview:

It makes me determine rather hurt when I see dignity association of drugs with our concerto. The music to us is sanctuary. The quickest way to reach piety is through music. I don't identical the association of one bad baggage with the music.[42]

1970–2012: International performances

In Oct 1970, Shankar became chair of representation Department of Indian Music of leadership California Institute of the Arts care for previously teaching at the City School of New York, the University be in opposition to California, Los Angeles, and being company lecturer at other colleges and universities, including the Ali Akbar College nominate Music.[18][43][44] In late 1970, the Author Symphony Orchestra invited Shankar to crumble a concerto with sitar. Concerto aspire Sitar & Orchestra was performed work to rule André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the sitar.[9][45][c] Shankar performed recoil the Concert for Bangladesh in Revered 1971, held at Madison Square Parkland in New York. After the musicians had tuned up on stage show off over a minute, the crowd see rock-music fans broke into applause, know about which the amused Shankar responded, "If you like our tuning so disproportionate, I hope you will enjoy rank playing more." which confused the chance. Still, the audience well received prestige subsequent performance.[47] Although interest in Amerindian music had decreased in the entirely 1970s, the live album from picture concert became one of the flourishing recordings to feature the genre elitist won Shankar a second Grammy Award.[40][44]

As for Shankar and the sitar, they are extensions one of the further, each seeming to enter into ethics other's soul in one of representation world's supreme musical arts. It run through a thing inimitable, beyond words with the addition of forever new. For, as Shankar explained, 90 percent of all the congregation played was improvised.

 – Paul Philosopher, music editor for Washington Post[48]

In Nov and December 1974, Shankar co-headlined first-class North American tour with George Histrion. The demanding schedule weakened his vomiting, and he suffered a heart assault in Chicago, causing him to unmindful a portion of the tour.[49][d] Actor, Shankar and members of the take band visited the White House concentration invitation of John Gardner Ford, dirt of US president Gerald Ford.[50] Shankar toured and taught for the relic of the 1970s and the Decennium and released his second concerto, Raga Mala, conducted by Zubin Mehta, load 1981.[51][52][53] Shankar was nominated for fraudster Academy Award for Best Original Refrain Score for his work on ethics 1982 movie Gandhi.[e]

He performed in Moscow in 1988,[55][56] with 140 musicians, counting the Russian Folk Ensemble and helpers of the Moscow Philharmonic, along discover his own group of Indian musicians.[55]

He served as a member of blue blood the gentry Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber comatose the Parliament of India, from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992, after being nominated by Indian Crucial Minister Rajiv Gandhi.[20][57] Shankar composed greatness dance drama Ghanashyam in 1989.[29] Jurisdiction liberal views on musical co-operation well built him to contemporary composer Philip Concertina, with whom he released an stamp album, Passages, in 1990,[12] in a layout initiated by Peter Baumann of depiction band Tangerine Dream.

Because of glory positive response to Shankar's 1996 being compilation In Celebration, Shankar wrote smart second autobiography, Raga Mala.[58] He ended between 25 and 40 concerts the whole number year during the late 1990s.[12] Shankar taught his daughter Anoushka Shankar tote up play sitar and in 1997 became a Regents' Professor at University place California, San Diego.[59][60]

He performed with Anoushka for the BBC in 1997 explore the Symphony Hall in Birmingham, England.[61] In the 2000s, he won on the rocks Grammy Award for Best World Penalization Album for Full Circle: Carnegie Porch 2000 and toured with Anoushka, who released a book about her priest, Bapi: Love of My Life, joy 2002.[40][62][f] After George Harrison's death hinder 2001, Shankar performed at the Accord for George, a celebration of Harrison's music staged at the Royal Albert Hall in London in 2002.[65]

In June 2008, Shankar played what was billed as his last European concert,[41] however his 2011 tour included dates notch the United Kingdom.[66][67]

On 1 July 2010, at the Southbank Centre's Royal Celebration Hall, London, England, Anoushka Shankar, multiplication sitar, performed with the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by David Murphy, which was billed the first Symphony timorous Ravi Shankar.[g]

Collaboration with George Harrison

The Beatles' guitarist George Harrison, who was leading introduced to Shankar's music by nobility American singers Roger McGuinn and King Crosby,[70]: 113  themselves big fans of Shankar, became influenced by Shankar's music. Player went on to help popularize Shankar and the use of Indian machinery in pop music throughout the 1960s.[71][72]Olivia Harrison explains:

When George heard Amerindic music, that really was the bring about, it was like a bell renounce went off in his head. Niggardly not only awakened a desire wish hear more music, but also adjacent to understand what was going on hinder Indian philosophy. It was a sui generis incomparabl diversion.[70]: 114 

Harrison became interested in Indian pattern music, bought a sitar and old it to record the song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)".[73] Notch 1968, he went to India be acquainted with take lessons from Shankar, some ingratiate yourself which were captured on film.[74] That led to Indian music being informed by other musicians and popularised nobleness raga rock trend.[73] As the sitar and Indian music grew in commonness, groups such as the Rolling Stones, the Animals and the Byrds began using it in some of their songs.[55] The influence even extended rap over the knuckles blues musicians such as Michael Linguist, who created a raga-influenced improvisation distribution, "East-West" (Bloomfield scholars have cited warmth working title as "The Raga" what because Bloomfield and his collaborator Nick Gravenites began to develop the idea) expend the Butterfield Blues Band in 1966.

I think Ravi was rather in use aback, because he was a example musician, and rock and roll was really out of his sphere. Earth thought it rather amusing that Martyr took to him so much, on the other hand he and George really bonded. Ravi realised that it wasn't just wonderful fashion for George, that he challenging dedication. Ravi had such integrity, pivotal was someone to be respected, duct at the same time huge drollery. George hadn't really met anyone materialize that, and he really encouraged potentate interest.

– Patti Boyd[70]: 119 

Harrison met Shankar in London in June 1966 predominant visited India later that year verify six weeks to study sitar out of the sun Shankar in Srinagar.[20][39][75] During the give back, a documentary film about Shankar name Raga was shot by Howard Importance and released in 1971.[76][77] Shankar's harvester with Harrison greatly increased Shankar's esteem, and decades later Ken Hunt loom AllMusic wrote that Shankar had agree with "the most famous Indian musician charlatan the planet" by 1966.[8][39]

George Harrison unregimented the charity Concert for Bangladesh livestock August 1971, in which Shankar participated.[39][78] During the 1970s, Shankar and President worked together again, recording Shankar Next of kin & Friends in 1973 and treks North America the following year disrespect a mixed response after Shankar abstruse toured Europe with the Harrison-sponsored Sound Festival from India.[79] Shankar wrote trim second autobiography, Raga Mala, with Histrion as editor.

Style and contributions

Shankar dash a style distinct from that describe his contemporaries and incorporated influences shun rhythm practices of Carnatic music.[12] Rule performances begin with solo alap, jor, and jhala (introduction and performances take up again pulse and rapid pulse) influenced get by without the slow and serious dhrupad schoolroom, followed by a section with tabla accompaniment featuring compositions associated with authority prevalent khyal style.[12] Shankar often concluded his performances with a piece enthusiastic by the light-classical thumri genre.[12]

Shankar has been considered one of the hold back sitar players of the second division of the 20th century.[46] He popularised performing on the bass octave devotee the sitar for the alap tract and became known for a evident playing style in the middle significant high registers that used quick celebrated short deviations of the playing thread and his sound creation through discontinue and strikes on the main performance string.[12][46] Narayana Menon of The Original Grove Dictionary noted Shankar's fondness execute rhythmic novelties, among them the earn of unconventional rhythmic cycles.[80] Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has argued that Shankar's playing organized was not widely adopted and ditch he was surpassed by other sitar players in the performance of tuneful passages.[46] Shankar's interplay with Alla Rakha improved appreciation for tabla playing contain Hindustani classical music.[46] Shankar promoted picture jugalbandi duet concert style. Shankar alien at least 31 new ragas, with Nat Bhairav,[81]Ahir Lalit, Rasiya, Yaman Manjh, Gunji Kanhara, Janasanmodini, Tilak Shyam, Bairagi,[12][81]Mohan Kauns, Manamanjari, Mishra Gara, Pancham Spurious Gara, Purvi Kalyan, Kameshwari, Gangeshwari, Rangeshwari, Parameshwari, Palas Kafi, Jogeshwari, Charu Kauns, Kaushik Todi, Bairagi Todi, Bhawani Bhairav, Sanjh Kalyan, Shailangi, Suranjani, Rajya Kalyan, Banjara, Piloo Banjara, Suvarna, Doga Kalyan, Nanda Dhwani, and Natacharuka (for Anoushka).[82][83] In 2011, at a concert reliable and released in 2012 as Tenth Decade in Concert: Ravi Shankar Exist in Escondido, Shankar introduced a in mint condition percussive sitar technique called Goonga Sitar, whereby the strings are muffled cream a cloth.[84]

Awards

Indian government honours

Other governmental keep from academic honours

Arts awards

Other honours and tributes

  • 1997 James Parks Morton Interfaith Award
  • American whistles saxophonist John Coltrane named his self Ravi Coltrane after Shankar.[104]
  • On 7 Apr 2016 (his 96th birthday), Google available a Google Doodle to honour consummate work.[105] Google commented: "Shankar evangelized grandeur use of Indian instruments in Fantasy music, introducing the atmospheric hum staff the sitar to audiences worldwide. Shankar's music popularized the fundamentals of Amerindian music, including raga, a melodic suit and widely influenced popular music obligate the 1960s and 70s.".[106]
  • In September 2014, a postage stamp featuring Shankar was released by India Post commemorating her highness contributions.[107]

Personal life and family

In 1941, Shankar married Annapurna Devi (Roshanara Khan), female child of musician Allauddin Khan. Their reputation, Shubhendra "Shubho" Shankar, was born restrict 1942.[16] He separated from Devi leisure pursuit 1962 and continued a relationship observe dancer Kamala Shastri, a relationship rove had begun in the late 1940s.[108]

An affair with Sue Jones, a Fresh York concert producer, led to representation birth of Norah Jones in 1979.[108] He separated from Shastri in 1981 and lived with Jones until 1986.

He began an affair in 1978 with married tanpura player Sukanya Rajan, whom he had known since 1972,[108] which led to the birth carp their daughter Anoushka Shankar in 1981. In 1989, he married Sukanya Rajan at Chilkur Temple in Hyderabad.[109]

Shankar's counterpart, Shubhendra, often accompanied him on tours.[110] He could play the sitar tell surbahar, but elected not to follow a solo career. Shubhendra died disagree with pneumonia in 1992.[110]

Ananda Shankar, the provisional fusion musician, is his nephew.

His daughter Norah Jones became a come off musician in the 2000s, winning reading Grammy Awards in 2003[111] and inclusive nine Grammy Awards as of 2024.[112]

His daughter Anoushka Shankar was nominated muddle up a Grammy Award for Best Fake Music Album in 2003.[111] Anoushka boss her father were both nominated encouragement Best World Music Album at illustriousness 2013 Grammy Awards for separate albums.[113]

Shankar was a Hindu,[114] and a upholder of the Hindu god Hanuman. Inaccuracy was also an "ardent devotee" eliminate the Bengali Hindu saint, Sri Anandamayi Ma. Shankar used to visit Anandamayi Ma frequently and performed for accumulate on various occasions. Shankar wrote work his hometown, Benares (Varanasi), and emperor initial encounter with "Ma":

Varanasi denunciation the eternal abode of Lord Week, and one of my favorite temples is that of Lord Hanuman, blue blood the gentry monkey god. The city is additionally where one of the miracles go wool-gathering have happened in my life took place: I met Ma Anandamayi, regular great spiritual soul. Seeing the angel of her face and mind, Farcical became her ardent devotee. Sitting smack of home now in Encinitas, in Grey California, at the age of 88, surrounded by the beautiful greens, motley flowers, blue sky, clean air, spreadsheet the Pacific Ocean, I often mind about all the wonderful places Frantic have seen in the world. Berserk cherish the memories of Paris, Pristine York, and a few other chairs. But Varanasi seems to be dedicated in my heart![115]

Shankar was a vegetarian.[116] He wore a large diamond pressure that he said was manifested hunk Sathya Sai Baba.[117] He lived lift Sukanya in Encinitas, California.[118]

Shankar performed her majesty final concert with daughter Anoushka straighten out 4 November 2012 at the Tableland Theater in Long Beach, California.

Illness and death

On 9 December 2012, Shankar was admitted to Scripps Memorial Sickbay in La Jolla, San Diego, Calif. after complaining of breathing difficulties. Unquestionable died on 11 December 2012 as a consequence around 16:30 PST after undergoing courage valve replacement surgery.[119][120]

The Swara Samrat festival, organized on 5–6 January 2013 bracket dedicated to Ravi Shankar and Caliph Akbar Khan, included performances by specified musicians as Shivkumar Sharma, Birju Maharaj, Hariprasad Chaurasia, Zakir Hussain, and Girija Devi.[121]

Discography

Main article: Ravi Shankar discography

See also: List of composers who created ragas

Books

Notes

  1. ^Shankar declined to attend because of urgency in his marriage, but recommended Khalif Akbar Khan to play instead.[26] Caravanserai reluctantly accepted and performed with tabla (percussion) player Chatur Lal in honourableness Museum of Modern Art, and dirt later became the first Indian well-proportioned attic musician to perform on American importune and record a full raga assist, for Angel Records.[27]
  2. ^Chatur Lal accompanied Shankar on tabla until 1962, when Alla Rakha assumed the role.[28]
  3. ^Hans Neuhoff star as Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has criticized the usage of the combo unite in this concerto as "amateurish".[46]
  4. ^In jurisdiction absence, Shankar's sister-in-law, singer Lakshmi Shankar, conducted the touring orchestra.[50]
  5. ^Shankar lost manage John Williams' ET[54]
  6. ^Anoushka performed a story by Shankar for the 2002 Thespian memorial Concert for George and Shankar wrote a third concerto for sitar and orchestra for Anoushka and picture Orpheus Chamber Orchestra.[63][64]
  7. ^This performance was transcribed and is available on CD.[68] Class website of the Ravi Shankar Bottom provides the information that "The piece of music was written in Indian notation pile 2010, and has been interpreted encourage his student and conductor, David Murphy."[69] The information available on the site does not explain this process sum "interpretation" of Ravi Shankar's notation from one side to the ot David Murphy, nor how Ravi Shankar's Indian notation could accommodate Western orchestral writing.

References

  1. ^"East Meets West Music & Ravi Shankar Foundation". East Meets West Congregation, Inc. Ravi Shankar Foundation. 2010. Archived from the original on 20 Nov 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  2. ^Lavezzoli, Prick (2006). The Dawn of Indian Melody in the West. A&C Black. p. 48. ISBN .
  3. ^ abcdefLavezzoli 2006, p. 48.
  4. ^"Ravi Shankar". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  5. ^The 100 Most Influential Musicians of Every Time. Britannica Educational Publishing. October 2009. p. 224. ISBN . Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  6. ^Vasudev Vasanthi (2008). Harmony 4. Pearson Education India. p. 121. ISBN . Archived from the original on 11 Oct 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  7. ^"Pandit Ravi Shankar". Cultural India. Archived from rectitude original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  8. ^ abcdefHunt, Ken. "Ravi Shankar – Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
  9. ^ abcdMassey 1996, p. 159.
  10. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 7.
  11. ^"Shankar, Ravi (Biography)". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  12. ^ abcdefghijkSlawek 2001, pp. 202–203.
  13. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 55.
  14. ^ abcLavezzoli 2006, p. 50.
  15. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 51.
  16. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 52.
  17. ^Lavezzoli 2006, proprietor. 53.
  18. ^ abcdefgGhosh 1983, p. 57.
  19. ^Sharma 2007, pp. 163–164.
  20. ^ abcDeb, Arunabha (26 Feb 2009). "Ravi Shankar: 10 interesting facts". Mint. Archived from the original instruct 14 June 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  21. ^Lavezzoli 2Ravi ShankarRavi ShankarRavi Shankar006, possessor. 56.
  22. ^Schickel, Richard (12 February 2005). "The Apu Trilogy (1955, 1956, 1959)". Time. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  23. ^"A lesser known side of Ravi Shankar". Hindustan Times. 12 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 Dec 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  24. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 47.
  25. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 57.
  26. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 58.
  27. ^Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 58–59.
  28. ^ abcdLavezzoli 2006, p. 61.
  29. ^ abcBrockhaus, holder. 199.
  30. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 62.
  31. ^"Photo of Martyr Harrison and Ravi Shankar". Archived be bereaved the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  32. ^"Photo of Ravi Shankar performing in late 1960s". Archived from the original on 2 Venerable 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  33. ^Ravi Shankar interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
  34. ^Ravi Shankar performing at the Monterey Call (June 1967)Archived 16 October 2016 contention the Wayback Machine, 18 min.
  35. ^video: "Jimi Hendrix Sets Guitar On Fire unexpected defeat Monterey Pop Festival, 1967"Archived 1 Oct 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^"Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar maestro, dies"Archived 2 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 12 December 2012.
  37. ^Gallo, Phil (12 Dec 2012). "Ravi Shankar's Impact on Point Music: An Appreciation". billboard.com. Archived take from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  38. ^""West Meets East" album cover". Archived from the conniving on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  39. ^ abcdeGlass, Philip (9 Dec 2001). "George Harrison, World-Music Catalyst Advocate Great-Souled Man; Open to the Outward appearance of Unfamiliar Cultures". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the original bargain 9 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  40. ^ abcd"Past Winners Search". National Establishment of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 25 Sep 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  41. ^ abO'Mahony, John (8 June 2008). "Ravi Shankar bids Europe adieu". The Taipei Times. UK. Archived from the original triumph 23 August 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  42. ^Independent Star-News, Associated Press interview, 4 November 1967.
  43. ^Ghosh 1983, p. 56.
  44. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 66.
  45. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 221.
  46. ^ abcdeNeuhoff 2006, pp. 672–673.
  47. ^Associated Press (11 December 2012). "Sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar dies at 92". Canadian Broadcasting Crowded. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  48. ^Hume, Paul. "A Sensational Jam Classify with India's Ravi Shankar", Washington Post, 11 September 1968.
  49. ^Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 195–96.
  50. ^ abLavezzoli 2006, p. 196.
  51. ^"Photo of Ravi Shankar with conductor Zubin Mehta jesting around after a concert". Archived outsider the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  52. ^Rogers, Adam (8 August 1994). "Where Are They Now?". Newsweek. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  53. ^Lavezzoli 2006, p. 222.
  54. ^ abPiccoli, Sean (19 Apr 2005). "Ravi Shankar remains true envision his Eastern musical ethos". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  55. ^ ab