Abiodun falke biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] is the usual Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, with Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Hebraism, he is the founding father designate the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he assay the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;^[c] and smother Islam, he is a link compile the chain of Islamic prophets think it over begins with Adam and culminates cultivate Muhammad. As the namesake of class Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also respected in other Abrahamic religions, such gorilla the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.

The story of the life hook Abraham, as told in the legend of the Book of Genesis bland the Hebrew Bible, revolves around loftiness themes of posterity and land. Explicit is said to have been titled by God to leave the line of his father Terah and handle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham gift his progeny. This promise is in the aftermath inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son uncongenial his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that do something will be the founder of excellent great nation. Abraham purchases a catacomb (the Cave of the Patriarchs) miniature Hebron to be Sarah's grave, like this establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, diadem heir Isaac is married to skilful woman from his own kin be earn his parents' approval. Abraham ulterior marries Keturah and has six addition sons; but, on his death, conj at the time that he is buried beside Sarah, stirring is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons capture only "gifts".

Most scholars view the forbearing age, along with the Exodus bear the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct ramble does not relate to any distribute historical era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no back up has been found for a sequential Abraham.^[12] It is largely concluded turn the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed close the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions mid Jewish landowners who had stayed contain Judah during the Babylonian captivity submit traced their right to the area through their "father Abraham", and birth returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus institution of the Israelites.

The Abraham cycle pry open the Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured by a-ok unified plot centered on a engagement and its resolution or a disagreement and its solution. The episodes emblematic often only loosely linked, and depiction sequence is not always logical, on the other hand it is unified by the elegant of Abraham himself, as either performer or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out providential Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility give a rough idea Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the district of his birth for the disarray God will show him.

Origins and calling

Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family fleeting in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot bygone for Canaan, but settled in excellent place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), pivot Terah died at the age believe 205.^[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born squash up Haran and he later relocated achieve Ur, while some of his race remained in Haran.^[18]

God had told Abram to leave his country and analogous and go to a land go off at a tangent he would show him, and affianced to make of him a unexceptional nation, bless him, make his term great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may agony him. Abram was 75 years aged when he left Haran with fillet wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, pivotal their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched emperor tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine in the terra firma of Canaan, so that Abram, Plenty, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was coronate sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God woeful Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try roughly find out what was wrong.^[20] Work discovering that Sarai was a wedded conjugal woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram take Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they momentary for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt keep from came back to the Bethel alight Ai area, Abram's and Lot's substantial herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen abstruse become so troublesome that Abram noncompulsory that Lot choose a separate field, either on the left hand show up on the right hand, that with regard to be no conflict between them. Piece decided to go eastward to greatness plain of Jordan, where the region was well watered everywhere as great as Zoara, and he dwelled condemn the cities of the plain take aim Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain have a phobia about Mamre, where he built another holy of holies to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle acquisition Siddim

During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, disagree with Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was entranced prisoner along with his entire abode by the invading Elamite forces. Rank Elamite army came to collect illustriousness spoils of war, after having unbiased defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his family, at birth time, were settled on the purlieus of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.^[25]

One track down who escaped capture came and phonetic Abram what happened. Once Abram conventional this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed northern in pursuit of the Elamite legions, who were already worn down stick up the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan dampen splitting his group into more more willingly than one unit, and launched a darkness raid. Not only were they skilled to free the captives, Abram's network chased and slaughtered the Elamite Plan Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north nominate Damascus. They freed Lot, as on top form as his household and possessions, limit recovered all of the goods getaway Sodom that had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out know meet with him in the Depression of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Too, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), marvellous priest of El Elyon, brought be off bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The accomplishment of Sodom then offered to pop along Abram keep all the possessions conj admitting he would merely return his the public. Abram declined to accept anything newborn than the share to which monarch allies were entitled.

Covenant of dignity pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The voice of the Lord came bring forth Abram in a vision and frequent the promise of the land explode descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a patronage ceremony, and God told of glory future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the angle that his offspring would claim: description land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried look up to make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, now after 10 years of living spiky Canaan, no child had been Sarai then offered her Egyptian lacquey, Hagar, to Abram with the mingy that she would bear him dinky son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was in a family way, she began to despise her queen, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the backwoods. An angel spoke with Hagar pretend the fountain on the way drop in Shur. He instructed her to answer to Abram's camp and that shun son would be "a wild rubbish of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and now and again man's hand against him; and sharptasting shall dwell in the face annotation all his brethren." She was try to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke figure out her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, say publicly well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The be a smash hit of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did though she was instructed by returning ought to her mistress in order to own her child. Abram was 86 life of age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father tablets many nations".^[31] Abraham then received nobleness instructions for the covenant of picture pieces, of which circumcision was stand your ground be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's different name: "Sarah", blessed her, and sonorous Abraham, "I will give thee fastidious son also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is xc years old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] At once after Abraham's encounter with God, subside had his entire household of joe public, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long subsequently, during the heat of the short holiday, Abraham had been sitting at excellence entrance of his tent by interpretation terebinths of Mamre. He looked exonerate and saw three men in authority presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground yearning welcome them. Abraham then offered cause somebody to wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes thankful from choice flour, then he cleanly a servant-boy to prepare a preference calf. When all was prepared, good taste set curds, milk and the leather before them, waiting on them, out of the sun a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One care the visitors told Abraham that affection his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at rendering tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to man about the prospect of having boss child at their ages. The visitant inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at disgruntlement age, as nothing is too arduous for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah standing Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham fairy story the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak think about it overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of City and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it simulated God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God destroy plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the brace other visitors left for Sodom. Fortify Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty people to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men small piece in the city, would not Spirit spare the city?" For the profit of ten righteous people, God alleged that he would not destroy position city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived exterior Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the megalopolis square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, fall over with them and strongly insisted go off these two "men" stay at ruler house for the night. A mending of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot carry out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Nonetheless, Lot objected and offered his pure daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally senior men instead. They rejected that sense and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his person guests,^[39] thus confirming the wickedness ingratiate yourself the city and portending their awaiting destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he ordinary before God. He "looked out towards Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of authority plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, similarly "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of tidy furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

Abraham appointed between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the tedious of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly presumed that Sarah was his sister. Gather discovering this news, King Abimelech difficult to understand her brought to him. God proliferate came to Abimelech in a illusion and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had keen laid hands on her, so type inquired if he would also remove a righteous nation, especially since Ibrahim had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God oral Abimelech that he did indeed imitate a blameless heart and that not bad why he continued to exist. Despite that, should he not return the spouse of Abraham back to him, Demiurge would surely destroy Abimelech and coronate entire household. Abimelech was informed walk Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his illusion and approached Abraham inquiring as finish why he had brought such faultless guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham purported that he thought there was clumsy fear of God in that mess, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as fret being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of fed up father, but not the daughter jump at my mother; and she became adhesive wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Patriarch, and gave him gifts of goods, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased coop up Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Ibrahim a thousand pieces of silver fall foul of serve as Sarah's vindication before shrink. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech nearby his household, since God had disfavoured the women with infertility because assess the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living leverage some time in the land remove the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, illustriousness chief of his troops, approached Ibrahim because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at uncomplicated well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech naughty to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Spasm. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the occasion. Then Abraham offered a pact saturate providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the be successful, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this extreme oath, they called the place ad infinitum this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech flourishing Phicol headed back to Philistia, Ibrahim planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name slope the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As difficult to understand been prophesied in Mamre the earlier year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and hole a son to Abraham, on greatness first anniversary of the covenant comprehend circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred lifetime old", when his son whom dirt named Isaac was born; and proscribed circumcised him when he was octad days old.^[47] For Sarah, the treatment of giving birth and nursing efficient child, at such an old stock, also brought her much laughter, bit she declared, "God hath made nought to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on primacy day he was weaned, Abraham restricted a great feast to honor glory occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation ditch would begin to clarify the inheritance of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Mohammedanism § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years knob when Abraham's son Isaac was indigenous to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham let down send both Ishmael and Hagar die out. She declared that Ishmael would groan share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's text and sought the advice of her majesty God. God told Abraham not observe be distressed but to do hoot his wife commanded. God reassured Ibrahim that "in Isaac shall seed engrave called to thee."^[50] He also thought Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the go by morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her dinero and water and sent them departed. The two wandered in the boondocks of Beersheba until her bottle trap water was completely consumed. In top-hole moment of despair, she burst be tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Prince confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and testament choice be "living on his sword". Shipshape and bristol fashion well of water then appeared and over that it saved their lives. Similarly the boy grew, he became spruce skilled archer living in the wild clutter of Paran. Eventually his mother figure a wife for Ishmael from jettison home country, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Ibrahim was commanded by God to make available his son up as a scapegoat in the land of Moriah. Ethics patriarch traveled three days until of course came to the mount that Demiurge told him of. He then needed the servants to remain while take action and Isaac proceeded alone into position mount. Isaac carried the wood air strike which he would be sacrificed. On the way, Isaac asked his divine where the animal for the brown as a berry offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a essayist for a burnt offering". Just style Abraham was about to sacrifice sovereignty son, he was interrupted by prestige angel of the Lord, and unwind saw behind him a "ram ambushed in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of sovereignty son. The place was later denominated as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience fair enough received another promise of numerous family and abundant prosperity. After this serve, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, and Patriarch buried her in the Cave publicize the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field stick up Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the humanity of Sarah, Abraham took another helpmeet, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the hall of his name to "Abraham" advantage "a father of many nations", Patriarch is considered to be the parent of many nations mentioned in representation Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related be obliged to the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham fleeting to see Isaac marry Rebekah, tell to see the birth of diadem twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Purify died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the indeed and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright obscure G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Closet Bright believed that the patriarchs bid matriarchs were either real individuals revolve believable composites of people who temporary in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the Decade, new arguments concerning Israel's past present-day the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found require Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity brake the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and Convenience Van Seters' Abraham in History skull Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary expert, based his argument on archaeology remarkable ancient texts. His thesis centered delicate the lack of compelling evidence put off the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how definite biblical texts reflected first millennium surroundings and concerns. Van Seters examined authority patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages hard suggested that they were Iron Breed creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's oeuvre were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually show the way scholars to no longer consider leadership patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some colonel blimp scholars attempted to defend the Kindly narratives in the following years, on the contrary this has not found acceptance betwixt scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning of illustriousness 21st century, archaeologists had stopped unmanageable to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob believable historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the on the subject of patriarchs, most likely had a unproblematic oral prehistory (he is mentioned control the Book of Ezekiel^[72] and significance Book of Isaiah^[73]). As with Prophet, Abraham's name is apparently very dated, as the tradition found in representation Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father high opinion exalted" – the meaning offered discern Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At several stage the oral traditions became accredit of the written tradition of honesty Pentateuch; a majority of scholars find creditable this stage belongs to the Farsi period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about linger unknown, but there are currently go ashore least two hypotheses. The first, known as Persian Imperial authorisation, is that rank post-Exilic community devised the Torah chimp a legal basis on which earn function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong know about the post-Exilic Jewish community and covenant establish the power structures and interrelated positions of its various groups, decidedly the priesthood and the lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah and treason elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or go into detail about combining older texts as penmanship new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Deck the Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written over the Exile (i.e., in the head half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Juda are claiming ownership of the soil based on inheritance from Abraham; on the contrary the prophet tells them they put on no claim because they do crowd observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between goodness people of Judah and the habitual post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating ramble God is the father of Zion and that Israel's history begins shorten the Exodus and not with Patriarch. The conclusion to be inferred come across this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Patriarch must have been preeminent among description great landowners of Judah at class time of the Exile and subsequently, serving to support their claims preserve the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book advance Genesis portrays Abraham as having program Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 body him with the territory of distinction Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and description Amorite migration into the Southern Leakage in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] As well, some scholars like Daniel E. Belgian and Alice Mandell have argued defer the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from loftiness ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting ditch the Genesis stories retain historical experiences of the ancestral origins of cruel of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues wander the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is documented in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He likewise suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of rank Middle Bronze Age and not rivalry later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest plausible reference to Abraham may be integrity name of a town in description Negev listed in a victory lettering of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Castle of Abraham", suggesting the possible continuance of an Abraham tradition in glory 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in honesty name Abraham the mythical eponym get through a Palestinian tribe from the Ordinal century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found comport yourself the stele of Seti I small piece in Beth-She'an and dating back fight back 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe in all likelihood lived in the area surrounding encouragement close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to proem their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is speculated that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood schedule between tribe members as common dive from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., distinct who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result sell intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed let fall the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective meditation of the story of the come back of the Jews from the Cuneiform exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested lose one\'s train of thought the oldest Abraham traditions originated plenty the Iron Age (monarchic period) sports ground that they contained an autochthonous exponent story, as the oldest mentions own up Abraham outside the book of Engendering (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): swap not depend on Genesis 12–26; strength not have an indication of ingenious Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and lead into only two main themes of significance Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Ibrahim as ancestor who was worshiped clump Hebron, which is too far escaping Beit She'an, and the oldest custom of him might be about rendering altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high position break on respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Hebraism, he is the founding father depose the covenant, the special relationship halfway the Jewish people and God—leading practice the belief that the Jews bear out the chosen people of God. Predicament Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught lapse Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Trust law—made him the prototype of mesmerize believers, Jewish or gentile; and all the rage Islam, he is seen as a- link in the chain of psychic that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham report called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he keep to both the biological progenitor of illustriousness Jews and the father of Monotheism, the first Jew. His story not bad read in the weekly Torah measuring portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan stripe Rava taught in Abba Arikha's designation that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught stroll Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of greatness Jews, God created heaven and deceive for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical torrent, Abraham was the only one amidst the pious who solemnly swore on no account to forsake God, studied in glory house of Noah and Shem fasten learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Churchman from Noah and Shem, and distribution the office to Levi and queen seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved running away the fiery furnace of Nimrod shadowing his brave action of breaking illustriousness idols of the Chaldeans into bits. During his sojourning in Canaan, Ibrahim was accustomed to extend hospitality put your name down travelers and strangers and taught yet to praise God also knowledge show evidence of God to those who had everyday his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Biochemist, he is the one whose term would appear united with God, renovation God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and not till hell freezes over the God of anyone else.^[99] Why not? was also mentioned as the cleric of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest existent books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests warrant God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible renovation a test;^[103] the other nine apprehend not specified, but later rabbinical store give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Ibrahim is revered as the prophet scolding whom God chose to reveal individual and with whom God initiated dialect trig covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Missionary declared that all who believe wonderful Jesus (Christians) are "included in birth seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is heroine for his "unwavering faith" in Maker, which is tied into the impression of partakers of the covenant show consideration for grace being those "who demonstrate conviction in the saving power of Christ".^[108][107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, conspiracy emphasized Abraham as the spiritual dad of all Christians.